Can efforts to conserve biodiversity by big industry help or harm local people?
The Ambatovy biodiversity offset project has funded development activities and local infrastructure such as this school in Maroseranana commune.When a large industrial development, such as a mine, is going to have an unavoidable impact on biodiversity, the company may invest in protecting (or even creating) habitat elsewhere to compensate. This is known as biodiversity offsetting and is a concept which is gaining increasing support. For example in 2010, the parties to the (CBD) agreed to promote biodiversity offsets as a tool for businesses to engage with biodiversity issues and the IUCN approved a at its World Congress in 2016. Those who support biodiversity offsets argue that they allow economically important industry to go ahead in biodiversity hotspots (often bringing much needed development) while having 鈥榥o net loss鈥� or even resulting in a 鈥榥et positive increase鈥� in biodiversity. However there is controversy as some see biodiversity offsets as a way to legitimize environmental destruction.
Recent in the journal Conservation and Society looks at previously ignored aspect of biodiversity offsetting: the impacts on local people. The researchers use the case study of the Ambatovy mine in Madagascar (the biggest nickel mine in the world, the largest ever investment in Madagascar and a company leading the way in developing biodiversity offsets). The research demonstrates that the offset projects (through introducing and enforcing conservation restrictions) can have very significant negative impacts on local people both in terms of standard measures of poverty but also more subjective aspects of their wellbeing. Development projects introduced by the mine to offset the costs of the conservation restrictions locally have been well received but do not compensate for the local costs and do not reach those most affected by the conservation restrictions.
Dr Cecile Bidaud, the lead author of the research says 鈥淭he inadequate compensation for the very real costs of conservation matters from the perspective of environmental justice (why should the 
The ultimate aim of the biodiversity offset is to conserve the wonderful biodiversity of the eastern rainforests (such as this indri), while allowing mining development.poorest people bear costs for the sake of allowing development while not destroying biodiversity of global value?). It also matters because if people don鈥檛 get the help they need to develop alternatives to their current livelihoods, the conservation won鈥檛 be sustainable.鈥�
Dr Patrick Ranjatson of the University of Antananarivo believes that rural Malagasy affected by these biodiversity offset projects are not properly considered by national and international decision makers. 鈥淧eople living around these biodiversity offset sites are very poor and have little voice politically, they鈥檙e needs and concerns therefore don鈥檛 get the attention they deserve.鈥�
However at a time when is spreading in many protected areas in Madagascar, there is a positive attitude among the team that issues such as those highlighted in the paper can be resolved.
Professor Julia Jones from 麻豆网's School of Environment, Natural Resources & Geography, who was also involved in the research, says: 鈥淢adagascar needs to be able to use its mineral wealth to develop, and well-regulated mines where taxes are being paid are much preferable to the extremely damaging illegal 鈥榬ushes鈥�. I have hope that the mining industry may use the results of this study to reduce negative impacts of local people around their biodiversity offset sites. This is certainly possible-their development projects are generally quite effective. It is just that currently they are too little, too late, and benefit too few.鈥�
This research was funded by the programme (NERC/ESRC/DFID) as part of the project (Can 
The research team carried out focus group discussions to explore the ways in which biodiversity offsets influences local livelihoodspaying for global ecosystem services reduce poverty).
Publication date: 4 January 2017